Figure 3.19 No gain compensation in an amplifier. in Software

Receive UPC Symbol in Software Figure 3.19 No gain compensation in an amplifier.

Example: For a frequency of 4 GHz (4000 MHz) and where d 38,400 km. Lpath(dB) 32.44 32.44 32.44 Path loss 196 dB 20 log 38,400 20 log 3.84 11.69 20 log 4000 80 dB 12 20 log 4 60 60 dB

However, three things come into play that determine the appearance (including the apparent perspective) when using your eye or your eye through a lens:

FIGURE 19-7

ISO 3166 Codes CN CX CC CO KM CG CD CK CR CI HR CU CY CZ DK DJ DM DO EC EG SV GQ ER EE ET FK FO FJ FI FR GF PF TF GA GM GE DE GH GI GR GL GD CHN CXR CCK COL COM COG COD COK CRI CIV HRV CUB CYP CZE DNK DJI DMA DOM ECU EGY SLV GNQ ERI EST ETH FLK FRO FJI FIN FRA GUF PYF ATF GAB GMB GEO DEU GHA GIB GRC GRL GRD 156 162 166 170 174 178 180 184 188 384 191 192 196 203 208 262 212 214 218 818 222 226 232 233 231 238 234 242 246 250 254 258 260 266 270 268 276 288 292 300 304 308 Region (BD, DVD) C A A A B B B A A B B A B B B B A A A B A B B B B A B A B B A A Ba B B C B B B B B A 6 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 2 4 2 2 2 5 4 4 4 2 4 5 5 5 5 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2a 5 5 5 2 5 2 2 2 4 Country Name China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Cook Islands Costa Rica C te d Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada

// A simple example of an iterator. using System; using System.Collections; class MyClass { char[] chrs = { 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D' }; // This iterator returns the characters // in the chrs array. public IEnumerator GetEnumerator() { foreach(char ch in chrs) yield return ch; } } class ItrDemo { static void Main() { MyClass mc = new MyClass(); foreach(char ch in mc) Console.Write(ch + " "); Console.WriteLine(); } }

In communications we use the term attenuation to denote a loss of signal power. In the wonderful world of optical communications, we use the rate of optical power loss with respect to distance along the fiber to denote attenuation. The loss is usually measured in decibels per kilometer (dB/km) at a specific wavelength. Attenuation of an optical signal has many causes. As photons flow down an optical fiber they can be absorbed by collisions with impurities , in the fiber or the photons may scatter reducing their energy level in , , electronvolts. Because each wavelength is transmitted differently within an optical fiber attenuation must be measured at specific wavelengths. , The amount of optical attenuation due to absorption and scattering of light at a specified wavelength ( ) is expressed as follows: PI PO

Figure 5-17 Coaxial cable (Image courtesy Fdominec)

instead of just 10, 100, or 1000 Mbps rates. In addition, the ability to multiplex the client signals efficiently on just enough line-side transport allows these fractional services to be offered at lower cost points, and the line service can grow as the client base grows. The amount of bandwidth used can be adjusted dynamically as Ethernet demand grows. For example, suppose additional Ethernet demand requires the addition of a DS-3 line in a bonded circuit that is carried over a SONET device. Because circuit bonding decouples the Ethernet layer from the SONET layer, the available bandwidth is dynamically increased in a transparent manner to the Ethernet layer. Simple SONET STS-1 transport is preserved with no need for complex virtual concatenation.

In the following figures, the various architectures of the xDSL implementations are shown. The point to remember here is the goal of xDSL is to use the existing copper infrastructure and improve the speed and throughput on the installed base of wires. Consequently, the installation process at-tempts to minimize the added equipment (particularly at the customer s premises) and the labor required to get the equipment installed. In Figure 16-10 , the design of an ADSL model and the model components are shown. The intent of the model is to show the infrastructure of the network from the customer premises to the network provider. This model also shows the splitters in place to facilitate the ADSL model.

TABLE 25-19