Modulation in Software

Integrating UPC A in Software Modulation

Notice how the manipulators occur in the chain of I/O operations. Also, notice that when a manipulator does not take an argument, such as endl in the example, it is not followed by parentheses. This is because the address of the manipulator is passed to the overloaded << operator. This program uses setiosflags( ) to set cout's scientific and showpos flags:

Super-trunk*

running. This noise can be picked up by the radio system and can jam or interfere with the normal control signal. If your robot s weapons unexpectedly actuate by themselves when you drive it, or if your robot twitches back and forth by itself when you trigger the weapon, you may be experiencing radio interference from your motors that is altering your radio control. To combat this interference, start by neutralizing it at the source. You cannot do anything about the arcing at the terminals, but you can divert most of the noise before it leaves the motor. Small ceramic capacitors can be attached to filter the noise from the brushes (see Figure 8-5). Capacitors have a low impedance to high frequencies and can short-circuit the noise before it even leaves a motor s case. You should use non-polarized ceramic capacitors in the range of .01 to .1 F, with a voltage rating of at least twice your motor s running voltage. If possible, use three capacitors one from each brush terminal to the motor case, and one across each of the two motor terminals. The capacitors should be connected as close to the actual brushes as possible, ideally inside the motor case itself, and they should be mounted carefully and secure to avoid the chance of shorting out the motor if one comes loose. What noise that does manage to escape from the motor will radiate from the motor power wires like a broadcast signal from an antenna. You can minimize this by twisting the motor wires together (leave the insulation on the wires); the noise emitted by the motor leads will be significantly reduced. Placing these twisted wires within a braided shield grounded to the robot s structure also helps. You can also reduce the transference of noise from the power system to the radio by placing your receiver as far as possible from the motors and their wires. Placing the receiver in a shielded metal container will also help reduce the noise interference.