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Figure 7.34 A display of the 4-bit ABCD signaling words carried in timeslot 16 for channel-associated

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Commercial fiber optic transmission traces its origins to the 1970s when older multimode fiber (MMF) systems, as shown in Figure 8.1, were used to deliver interconnectivity between voice-switching exchanges. Here, associated bit-rates were tied to older plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) standards such as E1 (2.048 Mbps). Subsequently, the late 1980s and early 1990s saw concertive carrier efforts to standardize SONET/SDH technology, with interface speeds scaling from the low tens of megabits (STS-1, E3) to multigigabits (OC-192/STM-64). These advances were enabled by two key factors high-speed electronic hardware and improved single-mode fiber (SMF) media, as shown in Figure 8.2. The telecom-bubble era of the late 1990s to early 2000s saw an even more profound evolution with the commercialization of WDM technology. This approach delivered unmatched terabits-per-fiber scalability by transmitting multiple channels (called wavelengths) of light in unused SMF spectral bands. Indeed, dense WDM (DWDM) now forms the foundation of modern optical networks, and key advances have come in crucial enabling component technologies, for example, passive elements (fibers, couplers, filters) and active elements (lasers, amplifiers, switches) [1]. Although the DWDM market has experienced severe realignment in the post-bubble era, it has since returned to normalcy and is now experiencing steady growth [2]. The key component advances are summarized in Table 8.1.

/* In a multilevel hierarchy, the first override of a virtual method that is found while moving up the hierarchy is the one executed. */

when the discriminant b2 4ac is 0 will be a consequence of the work we do below with partial fractions. We will say no more about it here.

In this layout, we now have the complete and fully functioning system of flows between the income statement and the balance sheet. We have created a model! If you have been following these steps on your own computer, you can experiment by changing any of the static numbers such as the sales line, the current assets and liabilities, and even the interest and tax rates in the model you have created. As you make the changes, the model will recalculate and show a balanced balance sheet. The model remains a very rudimentary model at this stage, however. So, some points to note:

Fixed T attenuator (Fig. 8.28)

11.1 Estimating the Size of a Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 11.2 Mole Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 CHAPTER 12

In the next example, we see how the method can determine the resonant frequency with a series RLC circuit, as shown in Fig. 8-5.

y = f (x)

FIGURE 9-3

We conclude the chapter with more examples that illustrate the use of KCL, KVL, and basic resistive circuits.

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