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The prototype for mkdir( ) is in <dir.h>. This function is not defined by the ANSI/ISO C/C++ standard. The mkdir( ) function creates a directory using the path name pointed to by path. The mkdir( ) function returns 0 if successful. If unsuccessful, it returns 1 and sets errno to either EACCES (access denied) or ENOENT (invalid path name).

Given the preceding discussion of C, you might be wondering why C++ was invented. Since C is a successful and useful computer programming language, why was there a need for something else The answer is complexity. Throughout the history of programming, the increasing complexity of programs has driven the need for better ways to manage that complexity. C++ is a response to that need. To better understand this correlation, consider the following. Approaches to programming have changed dramatically since the invention of the computer. The primary reason for change has been to accommodate the increasing complexity of programs. For example, when computers were first invented, programming was done by toggling in the binary machine instructions using the computer s front panel. As long as programs were just a few hundred instructions long, this approach worked. As programs grew, assembly language was invented so that programmers could deal with larger, increasingly complex programs by using symbolic representations of the machine instructions. As programs continued to grow, high-level languages were developed to give programmers more tools with which to handle complexity. The first widespread language was, of course, FORTRAN. While FORTRAN was a very impressive first step, it is hardly a language that encourages clear, easy-to-understand programs. The 1960s gave birth to structured programming. This is the method of programming supported by languages such as C. With structured languages, it was, for the first time, possible to write moderately complex programs fairly easily. However, even with structured programming methods, once a project reaches a certain size, its complexity exceeds what a programmer can manage. By the late 1970s, many projects were near or at this point. To solve this problem, a new way to program began to emerge. This method is called object-oriented programming (OOP for short). Using OOP,

As the output verifies, i is initialized to zero. Remember, without the use of new, i would be uninitialized, and it would cause an error to attempt to use it in the WriteLine( ) statement without explicitly giving it a value first. In general, invoking new for a value type invokes the default constructor for that type. It does not, however, dynamically allocate memory. Frankly, most programmers do not use new with the value types.

client-server architecture an arrangement of components (clients and servers) and data among computers connected by a network. The client-server architec ture supports efficient processing of messages (requests for service) between clients and servers.

In 1995, the Texas state legislature mandated implementation of biometrics as part of Texas initiative to reduce fraud in public assistance programs. Based on TDHS s research of available systems, fingerprint imaging was determined to be the most reliable and affordable technology for identity authentication purposes. Texas finger-imaging program, the Lone Star Image System, was developed to deter duplicate participation in the Food Stamp and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) programs. A pilot project of the Lone Star Image System began in October 1996 in 10 San Antonio area offices, enrolling more than 85,000 clients. Based on the success of the San Antonio pilot program, approval for statewide implementation was given in May 1998 and implementation was completed in August 1999. Adults (over 18 years of age) and minor heads of household receiving food stamps or TANF are required to provide biometric data when they apply or recertify. Fingerprint imaging of two index fingers and a digital photograph of the individual constitute the enrollment record. As of April 2002, the Texas Lone Star System had 1,175,421 recipients enrolled. More than 400 Lone Star Image System enrollment stations can be found throughout the state, including

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the boot system commands or are using TFTP for the download, the router might not be able to nd and load an IOS.