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In addition to containers, algorithms, and iterators, the STL relies upon several other standard components for support. Chief among these are allocators, predicates, comparison functions, and function objects. Each container has defined for it an allocator. Allocators manage memory allocation for a container. The default allocator is an object of class allocator, but you can define your own allocators if needed by specialized applications. For most uses, the default allocator is sufficient. Several of the algorithms and containers use a special type of function called a predicate. There are two variations of predicates: unary and binary. A unary predicate takes one argument. A binary predicate has two arguments. These functions return true/false results. But the precise conditions that make them return true or false are defined by you. For the rest of this chapter, when a unary predicate function is required, it will be notated using the type UnPred. When a binary predicate is required, the type BinPred will be used. In a binary predicate, the arguments are always in the order of first, second. For both unary and binary predicates, the arguments will contain values of the type of objects being stored by the container. Some algorithms and classes use a special type of binary predicate that compares two elements. Comparison functions return true if their first argument is less than their second. Comparison functions will be notated using the type Comp. In addition to the headers required by the various STL classes, the C++ standard library includes the <utility> and <functional> headers, which provide support for the STL. For example, in <utility> is defined the template class pair, which can hold a pair of values. We will make use of pair later in this chapter. The templates in <functional> help you to construct objects that define operator( ). These are called function objects, and they may be used in place of function pointers in many places. Several predefined function objects are declared within <functional>. They are shown here.

The following design criteria will be followed: 1. Deck slab construction: One course deck construction is proposed. Design will include a provision for a future 2-inch overlay. 2. Deck joints: Deck joints will be provided only at the abutments. It is anticipated that strip seal expansion joints will be used. 3. Deck drainage: Longitudinal and cross slopes are provided on the deck slab. Scuppers will be provided only if required, otherwise drainage inlets will be provided outside the deck area. The total length of 220 feet is less than the maximum spacing of scuppers of 300 feet. Deck drainage calculations will be performed using rainfall intensity for Mercer County. 4. Truck live loads: Since projected ADTT exceeds 500, the bridge will be designed for a live load of HL-93 (LRFD version of HS-25 truck load). Fatigue analysis will be based on projected ADTT. 5. Utilities: Except for bridge lighting, no bridge-mounted utilities are planned. Span length: Three alternate span arrangements were considered: Single curved span of 220 feet There are many disadvantages to using a single curved span, namely: 1. Bending moment is increased four times for a single span. It results in design of deep girders (7 feet 6 inches depth for single span compared to 5 feet for two spans) and reducing minimum vertical underclearance to 14 feet 3 inches. 2. Construction will be more expensive since loads on bearings, abutment walls, and foundations will be nearly doubled, and heavier sizes will result. 3. A relative increase in live load de ections would cause vibrations in the bridge. 4. The architecture of a single span with no pier will not match with the architecture of adjacent NJDOT bridges on the I-195 corridor. Two equal curved spans of 110 feet each Advantages are reductions in maximum bending moment and economical design of superstructure. Also, 16 feet 6 inch vertical underclearance is achieved. Two unequal curved spans with one span of 110 feet and the other of 100 feet Due to unequal requirements for future acceleration and deceleration lanes of I-195, unequal ramp spans are required. However, the pier must be located at the middle of the 60 foot median barrier.

with sufficient fade margin, to obtain this SNR (which is the value as required by the receiver s modem or detector in use at the output of the IF): S where S BW NF GA 10 log BW 10 log [290 (10NF/10 1) ] 198.6 GA

open the New Palette dialog. Enter a name and then click Save. Your new palette is automatically opened, but there are no colors yet.

Options for measuring in CorelDRAW can be found in Tools | Options; to get to this dialog quickly, you double-click a Page Ruler. Alternatively, you can right-click a Ruler and choose Ruler Setup from the pop-up menu. In the Rulers area of the Options box, you ll find useful options in addition to the increments displayed on Rulers. See Figure 6-5.

Performance is a more practical area for a user to test. It is a good idea to check certain aspects of device performance before installation if you are going to be stressing the device in an unusual way. Vendors often publish performance tests that may be used as a guideline, but they have to be interpreted in terms of your own network traffic. For instance, a router vendor could publish a performance specification stating the number of packets per second that may be routed. This specification might not take into account variable packet sizes, the number of different protocols being routed, or the number of different source and destination addresses being routed. Each of these can dramatically effect device performance when together they reach a certain critical size or mix. This generally varies by device and is dependent on how the device was designed. A common technique is to capture some representative traffic from the network and use this in conjunction with the traffic generation

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Reliable Store data durably, with 99.99 percent availability. Amazon says it does not allow any downtime. Fast Amazon S3 was designed to be fast enough to support high-performance applications. Server-side latency must be insignificant relative to Internet latency. Any performance bottlenecks can be fixed by simply adding nodes to the system. Inexpensive Amazon S3 is built from inexpensive commodity hardware components. As a result, frequent node failure is the norm and must not affect the overall system. It must be hardware-agnostic, so that savings can be captured as Amazon continues to drive down infrastructure costs. Simple Building highly scalable, reliable, fast, and inexpensive storage is difficult. Doing so in a way that makes it easy to use for any application anywhere is more difficult. Amazon S3 must do both. A forcing function for the design was that a single Amazon S3 distributed system must support the needs of both internal Amazon applications and external developers of any application. This means that it must be fast and reliable enough to run Amazon.com s web sites, while flexible enough that any developer can use it for any data storage need.

Support for Four Classes of Service RPR supports four classes of service over the shared packet ring. This allows service providers to match end-users applications to the right CoS on its network. All classes-of-service are reclaimable and no bandwidth is ever stranded. Flexible Classification of End-user Traffic RPR provides four classes of service of packets labeled with 802.1p bits for VLAN segregated traffic or labeled by TOS or DSCP bits in the IP header. These capabilities allow classification of traffic according to the marking done by the customer CPE or according to the marking performed by the broadband access network element. Strict Separation of Traffic RPR Provides for a clear separation between control plane and forwarding plane functions guarantees maximum separation and resiliency. Efficient Transport of Multicast only one copy is carried over the ring The use of the standard RPR MAC represents a scalable and efficient way to deliver large amounts of broadcast and multicast traffic on physical ring topologies. Alternative solutions require deployment of a logical hub-and-spoke architecture on the physical fiber ring, which preclude efficient transport of multicast traffic. Hub-and-spoke designs require more fiber, more virtual connections and multiple copies of multicast streams to be broadcast simultaneously. All recipients can get a multicast stream from an RPR ring with only one copy of the packet on the ring. Efficient Bandwidth Management RPR is designed to deliver packets over a shared ring using statistical multiplexing, spatial reuse, and efficient allocation of protection bandwidth to deliver more services and therefore more revenue per equivalent amount of bandwidth.

Summary

A blank cell is totally disregarded in the averaging calculations. A cell with a 0 is part of the calculations. This is shown in the following illustration:

If the pitch has gone well, the publisher likes the idea, and they are interested in working with whoever is proposing to do it, then pre-production begins. At this point, the publisher still isn t fully committed to producing and marketing the game. (In fact, a publisher is never entirely committed to publishing a game until it has been built and tested and they ve started the marketing for it, for reasons I ll explain later in this chapter.) For the time being they only want to explore the idea, but they re prepared to spend a little money to do so. There was a time when a publisher said, Yes, go! and a developer dived into coding the game the very next day. That time ended about 1985, when a game still cost between fifty and a hundred thousand dollars to develop. It was never good practice even then, and nowadays, with development costs in the millions of dollars, it would be a disaster. Any large project, whether it s building a skyscraper, filming a movie, or developing a computer game requires pre-production: an exploratory and planning stage. It s absolutely essential for building a game on time and within budget. Once a publisher has decided to go into pre-production, they will assign a producer to it. This person is an employee of the publisher whose job it is to make sure the idea turns into the game the publisher wants. The producer is responsible for making sure it s a fun and, above all, marketable product. I ll discuss his vital role in the development process later, in 5.

value is different from that of the previously sent CONGESTION INDICATION message. In addition, the SG will limit the frequency of CONGESTION INDICATION messages. A number of messages are used during link changeover. In such an event, it is necessary for the ASP to retrieve certain information from the SG, particularly information that is stored at the SG for retransmission on a link. DATA RETRIEVAL REQUEST (message type value 10) is used during link changeover procedures. This message is sent by the ASP to request the BSN or to retrieve PDUs from the transmit and retransmit queues. The SG responds with the DATA RETRIEVAL CONFIRM (message type value 11). It is also possible for the SG to just send a PDU to the ASP from the transmit or retransmit queue, in which case the SG will use a DATA RETRIEVAL INDICATION (message type value 12). Multiple RETRIEVAL INDICATION messages may be sent from the SG to the ASP in the case of link changeover. When the final PDU from the retransmit queue is being sent, the SG will use the DATA RETRIEVAL COMPLETE INDICATION (Message type value 13) instead. This message should be sent only once in a given changeover event.

display itself will be exhibited as a separate graphical window within the program. In using the Bode tool by injecting a signal into the oscillator s input and checking the phase and gain at the oscillator s output we will have a very good indication that our design is valid. This is accomplished, as described above, by breaking the feedback loop of the oscillator and attaching the Bode plotter between the broken input/output points of the oscillator. To obtain a proper reading, set the frequency and phase of the Bode plotter to a linear scale, adjust the magnitude to display a gain of 20 to 20 dB (or, if need be, higher values), set the display to show phase values from 180 to 180 degrees (Fig. 4.5), and adjust the frequency sweep to approximately 25 percent of the expected oscillation frequency (narrow or widen as necessary to obtain the display as shown in the figure). This open-loop Bode response test is a good indication that the oscillator will oscillate and function as intended, since the Bode plotter is outputting a 0 degree phase angle signal at the frequencies of interest into the input of the oscillator s resonator, which changes its phase by 180 degrees before it reaches the input of the transistor; the transistor, being in common-emitter configuration, changes it another 180 degrees, making for a phase change of 360, or 0, degrees, for regenerative oscillatory feedback. The proper phase change, at the appropriate amplitude, can be confirmed on the Bode plotter as shown in Fig. 4.7. The Bode plotter is displaying the maximum gain peak at the frequency of the desired oscillation, which should occur at the same frequency as the phase trace when it crosses 0 degrees from the output to the input of the oscillator (in order to sustain oscillatory feedback). At its maximum amplitude the gain trace is called the gain margin when it is located at the same frequency as the point where the phase trace crosses the 0 degrees phase point on the Bode plotter screen, and is measured in dB. The higher the gain margin, the more tolerance the oscillator will have and still start or continue to oscillate when components on the assembly line vary in specifications, or the load varies in impedance. Temperature will also have far less of a deleterious effect with this higher gain margin. A typical, safe value would be 10 dB or more; however, any gain above 0 dB at the 0 degree phase crossing will still allow the oscillator to start because of noise amplification buildup. Nevertheless, temperature, load, and parts variations will make start-up erratic and/or slow when the loop is actually closed for the completed oscillator if this gain margin is too low. In fact, if an oscillator has a sufficiently high gain margin, closing the loop should cause only a minor shift in the design frequency, with the high open-loop gain being reduced to unity when the oscillator reaches its steady state. In simulating the open-loop oscillator, not only should the gain peak be at the point where the phase is zero, but it should also be as close to the center of the phase slope as possible in order to maintain the oscillator s long-term stability and low noise characteristics. The amount of excess phase above or below this center of the phase slope is referred to as the phase margin and is as important as the gain margin.

Tables are individual database tables that provide data. A table may be a physical table in the RDBMS, or it may be a view or synonym. Designer provides functionality to create aliases that are treated like tables. Further, Designer allows you to create derived tables that are SQL queries, as an alternative to a DBA creating a stored procedure or a view. In a data warehouse or data mart environment, you will have two types of tables: 1) a fact table that contains numeric information and 2) dimension tables that allow a user to analyze the numeric data from different perspectives such as product, time, or geography. The fact table can have millions of detailed rows of data or can be smaller, with summary numbers. One fact table together with its associated dimension tables is referred to as a star schema. There can be multiple fact tables and star schemas within a universe.

In version 7.0, Cisco introduced an Interface subcommand mode; in prior versions, global commands were used to configure interface properties. The interface command specifies the name of the physical interface and the interface identifier (slot and port). The nameif command assigns a logical name to the interface. If you assign a name of inside to the interface, the security level defaults to 100. Any other logical name defaults the security level to 0. The ip address command assigns a static IP address to the interface; omitting the subnet mask will cause the mask to default to the configured class of the IP address. You can also assign a dynamic address to the interface using DHCP or PPPoE this is discussed later in the chapter in the Dynamic Addressing section. The security-level command assigns a security level to the interface: this can range from 0 (least trusted) to 100 (most trusted). The speed and duplex commands set the speed and duplexing of the interface. By default, interfaces are disabled and need to be enabled with the no shutdown command.

Dilation and evacuation (D&E)