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parentheses are necessary because the comma operator has a lower precedence than the assignment operator. To see the effects of the comma operator, try running the following program:

Choose one (q to quit): 6 The break: break; Help 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. on: if switch for while do-while break continue goto

The interarrival jitter is calculated continuously as each data packet, i, is received from a given source SSRC_n, using the difference, D, for that packet and the previous packet, i 1, in order of arrival according to the formula. J(i) J(i 1) ( | D(i 1, i) | J(i 1))/16

As the program illustrates, when a three_d object is used in an integer expression, such as cout << b+100, the conversion function is applied to the object. In this specific case, the conversion function returns the value 24, which is then added to 100. However, when no conversion is needed, as in c = a+b, the conversion function is not called. Remember that you can create different conversion functions to meet different needs. You could define one that converts to double or long, for example. Each is applied automatically.

// Use an indexer to create a fail-soft array. using System; class FailSoftArray { int[] a; // reference to underlying array public int Length; // Length is public public bool ErrFlag; // indicates outcome of last operation // Construct array given its size. public FailSoftArray(int size) { a = new int[size]; Length = size; } // This is the indexer for FailSoftArray. public int this[int index] { // This is the get accessor. get { if(ok(index)) { ErrFlag = false; return a[index]; } else { ErrFlag = true; return 0; } }

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6.6.6 An Example Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions 235 Quiz 237 ......................................................................................................................................

Picture frames facilitate storing and switching functions. A bandwidth of 6 MHz as speci ed by the FCC for television transmission requires that compressed 19.4 Mbps MPEG-2 signal will have to use some special modulation techniques. The 8-VSB is the accepted method for broadcast television. Cable systems prefer and will most likely use QAM-64 or QAM-256 for their modulation method. Whatever method is used, receivers for the public and cable subscribers will have to be able to detect both modulation methods. Some industry gurus are suggesting that most of the channel selection, detection, and decoding will take place within the cable modem, and the screen will handle and present the picture and audio signals. Audio in the MPEG-2 format is also compressed. To cover the musical range of 40 Hz to 16 KHz, a sampling rate of 48 KHz is used, which is greater than the Nyquist minimum of 40 KHz. At 16-bit resolution, a stereo (two channels left and right) will produce a bit rate of 1.54 Mbps. For a surround sound, or multitelevision (MTS), a 4.5-Mbps rate is necessary. Computer-type audio compression is used in producing CD-ROM and is also used by the direct-broadcast satellites (DBS) systems. These methods produce a properly compressed audio signal that can t into MPEG-2 data frames. The audio and video data signals are formed into data packets that can make up the program data stream. The digital data packets making up the MPEG-2 compression for both video and audio program content are shown in Figure 5-27. The data stream for the MPEG-2 structure is simplistic in that it represents the basic format. There can be two audio packet formats consisting of mono audio or MTSC sound. Essentially, the various packets shown are sub-packetized with header information containing information about the data contained in the packet payload. The cable technicians, from a practical standpoint, do not need to be excessively concerned about the format, except to have a general knowledge of the digital data stream.