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The ICA protocol transfers control to the TCP/IP protocol stack through TDTCP, the TCP transport driver. TDTCP is the interface of ICA (and RDP) to the TCP/IP protocol stack. TDTCP does not append any additional header or trailer information to the ICA data.

obstacles along the way. These factors all affect the ball s path, and through the path, they affect how fast it will roll down the hill. If a process goes through intermediate steps along the way from its start to its end and one or more intermediate steps are higher in energy (for example, rolling up a speed bump), these are called high-energy intermediates. The presence of high-energy intermediates, like speed bumps, tends to slow a process down. One example of this is DNA replication, discussed in 10. In order to replicate, the DNA double helix needs to unwind temporarily. This is a higher energy state for the DNA. Once it is replicated, the DNA goes back to its double helical state, which is a lower energy state. Thus, the unwound double helix is the high-energy intermediate in the process of DNA replication. Living systems often regulate their biological processes by modulating the rate at which they happen. This means that, sometimes, when a living thing needs a process to stop (for example, it already has manufactured enough of a certain type of protein and for the time being it doesn t need anymore), then instead of actually stopping the process it simply allows the process to slow down almost to a halt. The process is still happening, but at such a slow rate that it doesn t make much of a difference. Then, when the organism needs the process to continue (for example, it now needs more of the protein), it simply speeds up the rate at which the process is happening. When an organism needs to modulate the rate at which a process happens, typically this is done in one of two ways: either by providing the energy needed to get over a speed bump (high-energy intermediate) or by providing an alternative path (effectively removing or going around the speed bump). Sometimes a faster path (one without a speed bump) is provided by a conformational transition, by ligand binding, or by the binding of proteins acting as catalysts. Taking the example again of DNA unwinding, the unwound DNA is a high-energy intermediate, like a speed bump. A protein called helicase binds to the DNA and unwinds the double helix. In part, the binding energy contributes to the energy needed to attain the high-energy intermediate (the unwound DNA).

your company has already bought 1000 licenses. The company has already incurred the expense. Re-charging business units may help move the costs from the IT department to the business unit, but it has no material effect on company expenses. Your goal is to get the information closer to the decision-makers. You also need to recover your expenses, so you charge per trained user. This per-user fee may inadvertently cause the business unit manager to restrict the number of BusinessObjects users. Their budget is tight; they need to control expenses, no matter that it has no effect on company cash flow. The business stays stuck in the information flow of one central person running and distributing reports. The pricing strategy just caused you to fail to bring the information closer to the decision-maker. Although BusinessObjects XI allows you to create usage reports for billing, the risk with direct charges that relate to usage is that you may also inadvertently discourage usage. The more expensive it is to analyze data, the less likely users are to explore information. In determining a direct-billing approach, you need to evaluate how advanced your company is in terms of information literacy and where you want to get to. If the data warehouse or Enterprise Servers are overloaded, then charging for usage may help you recover costs to pay for increasing capacity. If the servers are underutilized, don t charge by usage. Companies are more likely to charge users directly when the customers are external. Owens & Minor, for example, charges external customers for access to WISDOM. Here, the Web Intelligence extranet is a source of revenue and the charges indicate WISDOM has exceptional value; if Owens & Minor offered it as a free service, customers might not have appreciated its value. An insurance company told me they began charging external customers only when they moved from mainframe reports to a data warehouse. Customers balked. They had never paid for reports in the past; why should they pay now It didn t matter to them that they finally had more data and more flexibility than before. Nobody likes a price increase, especially if it has been forced upon them. If users had a free DSS or mainframe reports before, then don t charge for access to fixed reports. You can deploy the reports via InfoView, granting such users interactive access to fixed reports. When users want the additional capabilities to create new reports, only then would you charge them for the new capability.

Joins specify how tables, views, synonyms, or aliases relate to one another. Joins allow a user to combine information from two or more tables. For example, in the following diagram, there are joins between ORDERS_FACT and the dimension table PLANT as well as between ORDERS_FACT and the dimension table PRODUCTS. There are no joins to the SUPPLIERS table. Without this join, a user is not able to determine which suppliers provide various products. There are many types of joins; they are discussed further in 8.

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solution to this translation process. Routers don t actually translate between different frame or layer 2 protocol types; instead, they strip off the layer 2 frame, make a routing decision on the layer 3 packet, and then encapsulate the layer 3 packet in the correct layer 2 frame type for the interface the packet needs to exit. This process is described more thoroughly later in this chapter in the section Encapsulation and De-Encapsulation as well as in 10. Another advantage routers have over layer 2 components is that they contain broadcast problems. When a router receives a broadcast, it processes that broadcast, but by default, it will not forward the broadcast out any of its other ports. This is different from bridges and switches, which flood broadcast traffic. If broadcasts are affecting the bandwidth and performance of your network, you should break up your network into multiple broadcast domains and use a router to route between the different domains. Each broadcast domain in a network needs a unique layer 3 network number. Broadcasts are discussed later in the chapter in the Layer 2: The Data Link Layer section. Common tools used to troubleshoot layer 3 problems include ping, traceroute, and Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).These tools are discussed in more depth in 6.