Avoid the Real Junk in .NET

Printing qr codes in .NET Avoid the Real Junk

At its closest point to Earth, Mars is approximately 34 million miles away. Assuming there is someone on Mars you want to talk with, what is the delay between the time a radio signal leaves Earth and the time it arrives on Mars This program supplies the answer. Recall that light travels approximately 186,000 miles per second. Thus, to compute the delay, you will need to divide the distance by the speed of light. Display the delay in terms of seconds and minutes.

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Figure 3.3 A section cut view through the wall showing solid elements as wall, slab, and window mullions, modeled in ArchiCAD.

public override bool Equals(object v) public static bool Exists<T>(T[ ] a, Predicate<T> pred) public static T Find<T>(T[ ] a, Predicate<T> pred) public static T[ ] FindAll<T>(T[ ] a, Predicate<T> pred) public static int FindIndex<T>(T[ ] a, Predicate<T> pred) public static int FindIndex<T>(T[ ] a, int start, Predicate<T> pred) public static int FindIndex<T>(T[ ] a, int start, int count, Predicate<T> pred) public static T FindLast<T>(T[ ] a, Predicate<T> pred) public static int FindLastIndex<T>(T[ ] a, Predicate<T> pred) public static int FindLastIndex<T>(T[ ] a, int start, Predicate<T> pred) public static int FindLastIndex<T>(T[ ] a, int start, int count, Predicate<T> pred) public static void ForEach<T>(T[ ] a, Action<T> act) public IEnumerator GetEnumerator( ) public override int GetHashCode( ) public int GetLength(int dim)

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OAM is typically optionally implemented in the data-link layer between the MAC and LLC sublayers, and because it was termed optional in the IEEE 802.3ah standard, system vendors can use either proprietary or existing management solutions, depending on the required functions and supported extensions. The EFM OAM can be implemented in hardware (especially in stations where performance is the main issue, e.g., in OLTs) or in software (to provide extended flexibility and remote configuration, e.g., in ONUs). This means that only a certain group of network stations may support OAM features (e.g., ONUs providing service to premium customers). The OAM functionality can be implemented on any full-duplex point-to-point (P2P) link or emulated P2P link (EPON case), and the OAM protocol can be used simultaneously with the 802.3x MAC flow control PAUSE function, although when doing so, PAUSE inhibits all traffic, including the OAM protocol data units (OAMPDUs). The EPON OAM protocol is, therefore, a straightforward implementation of the generic Ethernet OAM protocol, with minor changes in the MIB targeting adjustment to the EPON environment conditions. The EPON MIB module is an extension for the generic Ethernet MIB, IF-MIB, and MAU-MIB devices, thus consisting of three distinct MIB groups:

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loaded interoffice fiber (IOF) spans. Current commercial OTM offerings can now scale to well over 100 wavelengths per fiber with 10 Gbps wavelength speeds, yielding unmatched terabit capacity. The generic OTM design is shown in Figure 8.3 and consists of client interfaces, wavelength transponders, amplifiers, and multiplexing/demultiplexing filters. The transponders perform optical modulation for client signals, and new compact pluggable interfaces are widely available for most protocol interfaces, e.g., Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, Fibre Channel, SONET/SDH OC-n/STM-n, and so on. These interfaces can be bypassed if the client gear directly supports ITU-T-compliant DWDM optics on their interface cards; for instance, many SONET/SDH and Ethernet/ IP platforms are equipped with 1550 nm lasers for direct interconnection purposes. Moreover commercial DWDM systems particularly metro/regional also offer staged filter designs to reduce up-front costs and facilitate pay-as-you-grow expansion, as shown in the parallel and serial designs depicted in Figure 8.4. In general, the latter can give low first cost but are more expensive to scale and tend to yield higher losses (2 3 dB per stage), see [3]. Many OTM systems also feature a wide range of laser and amplifier combinations to handle different span lengths and device losses. For example, DFB lasers are sufficient for SMF spans less than 60 km and bit rates up to OC-48/STM-16 (2.5 Gbps). However, for increased 10 Gbps speeds, more powerful externally modulated lasers and EDFA devices are necessary. In fact, larger spans may even mandate dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) coil placements. An alternate means for boosting reach for higher data rates is via forward error correction (FEC), though this adds cost and compromises service transparency (see the ITU-T digital wrappers approach detailed in Optical Network Management). Given the massive terabit capacity of a single fiber strand, most OTM systems implement some type of fiber/span protection. The most common scheme is dedicated 1+1 protection, which uses passive splitters to bridge/switch all client traffic onto separate working and protection fibers, as shown in Figure 8.5. This simple setup is purely hardware-based and precludes any end-to-end span signaling as it splits and sends

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