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Both the inside and outside of the cell are typically aqueous environments. In order for a molecule to dissolve in an aqueous environment such as blood or cytoplasm, the molecule must be polar or hydrophilic. But for a molecule to penetrate the membrane s lipid barrier, the molecule must be lipid soluble, that is, nonpolar or hydrophobic. So the hydrophobic portion of the membrane acts as a barrier to keep molecules from passing through. Some small molecules are able to pass through the membrane, for example. water or carbon dioxide, because their interactions with the lipids are minimal.

The CM then downloads the configuration file using Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) (RFC-1350) and exchanges registration messaging with the CMTS in order to inform the CMTS of the file s contents and to enable bridging of user data.

Frame relay also provides for both switched and permanent virtual circuits, although PVCs are by far the more common. Each logical channel in a frame relay network is identified by a number called the Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI). As in X.25, multiple logical channels (multiple DLCIs) typically are present on each physical connection. Each logical channel in a frame relay network is assigned a Committed Information Rate (CIR), which specifies the data rate guaranteed by the network to the user for that virtual circuit. Frame relay networks will deliver short bursts of user data beyond the CIR on a best-effort basis. In this way, frame relay networks can accommodate the high peak-to-average data throughput requirements of most data traffic. User data in excess of the CIR that is sent to the frame relay network can be marked discard eligible, or DE. DE-marked data frames may be discarded if the network experiences congestion at any point along the path. The network will indicate congestion conditions in either the forward or backward directions using the Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) and Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) bits. Other factors impacting network performance include the bandwidth of the access line connecting the customer premise with the frame relay network, the transmission latency, the Data Link-level window size, and the maximum frame size.

Figure 6-22. (Continued)

Paradoxical challenges should be used only with moderate or high self-mastery learners. Low self-mastery learners are not in a psychological state to handle the complexity and ambiguity inherent in the resolution of this level of paradox, and deep-level or complex paradoxes can increase their anxiety. While less powerful paradoxes can be used with these learners, developers should do so with caution.

As with the connecting of multiple half-sections of the low-pass filter, the high-pass filter will also exhibit a cascading effect. This is due to the increasing selectivity of the cascaded half-sections, and forces the fC to increase in frequency above what is desired. By using the adjustment factors presented in Table 6.2, this proclivity can be compensated for. For example, if the fC of a high-pass filter is to be 200 MHz, and a 2-section filter is required, then first multiply the adjustment factor, as found in Table 6.2, of 0.85 times the fC of 200 MHz. This equals 170 MHz. Now design the 2-section filter as if the fC will be 170 MHz, and a high-pass filter with a true fC at the desired frequency of 200 MHz will now result. As it was with the low-pass filter design, the high-pass filter attenuation slope follows the same 18 dB per octave drop for a 3-pole filter, and a 36 dB per octave drop for a 6-pole filter. When multiple half-sections are combined with high-pass filter designs, the filter s attenuation response becomes that of the amount of the L and C components (poles) that result from the combination of these half-sections. For instance, if a filter is created from three half-sections, which contain six reactive components (poles), it will now contain only four reactive components (poles) after the appropriate components have been combined. These components left after the combination of the half-sections will be the indicator of the filter s attenuation response. An important consideration with all filters, and especially with high-pass filter designs, is that such a filter is a high-pass filter only up to a certain frequency, after which the stopband becomes disrupted by the eventual self-resonance of the filter s components, as well as the distributed capacitances that will inevitably let higher frequencies pass through the stopband (Fig. 6.28). If it is required to block DC from being shunted to ground at the filter s input, a high-pass filter must be initiated with a series capacitor, instead of a shunt inductor.

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