RELATED FIELDS in Software

Make QR-Code in Software RELATED FIELDS

10 0 0 3 572 0 16 0 143 2 1,040 754

Figure 26-2. The parasympathetic (craniosacral) division of the autonomic nervous system. Preganglionic bers extend from nuclei of the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord to peripheral ganglia. Short postganglionic bers extend from the ganglia to the effector organs. The lateral-posterior hypothalamus is part of the supranuclear mechanism for the regulation of parasympathetic activities. The frontal and limbic parts of the supranuclear regulatory apparatus are not indicated in the diagram (see text). (Reproduced by permission from Noback CL, Demarest R: The Human Nervous System, 3rd ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1981.)

Analysts frequently discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each formula, and there have been numerous adjustments to the Black-Scholes formula in an effort to account for the disadvantages. Black-Scholes is much faster, which is why traders rely on it exclusively, even with the disadvantages.

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When CO2 is dissolved in water, there is never very much H2CO3, so we can ignore it and count CO2 as the acid and HCO 3 as the base. There are two ways of dealing with the bicarbonate buffer system. The first uses the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and an effective pKa of 6.1. If there is more base (HCO 3 ) than acid (CO2), the pH will always be bigger than the pKa. This is usually the case physiologically (pH 7.4; pKa 6.1) so that on a molar basis there is always more than 10fold more HCO 3 than CO2. You might be wondering why the bicarbonate buffer can buffer effectively at pH 7.4 when its pKa is 6.1. The answer is that it doesn t buffer all that well. What makes it unique and the major buffer system of the blood is that CO2, being a gas, can be exhaled by the lungs. Exhaling CO2 is equivalent to exhaling protons. H+ HCO 3 CO2 H2O

Table 22.1 provides a comparisonbetweenthe analyticalsolution (8q.22.1) andthe numericalsolutionsobtainedwith the shootingrnethod(Example22.2) andthe finitedifferencemethod (Example 22.5). Note that althoughthere are some discrcpancies, the numericalapproaches agree reasonably well with the analyticalsolution.Further, biggest the discrepancy occursfor the finite-difference methoddue to the coarse node spacing used we in Example22.5.Betteragreement would occur if a f iner nodal spacinghad beenused. TABTE22. 1 Comporison the exoctonolyticol of solution temperoture theresults for with

1 9 There are a couple of ways of nding the LCD. Take for example 12 14. We could list the multiples of 12 and 14 the rst number that appears on each list will be the LCD:

larger! What about 0 If we divide 0 by 10, we end up with 0 again, so 0 does not qualify either. We want the number to get strictly smaller! Now, addition to the above statement, we can claim its reverse: (x /10 < x) (x > 0) This means that if we divide a real number by 10 and get a strictly smaller number, the original number must be positive.