15: Molecular Evolution 233 in .NET framework

Maker QR-Code in .NET framework 15: Molecular Evolution 233

My Genome s Bigger than Your Genome! 234 Genome sizes at a glance 234 The C value and the C-value paradox 236 Distinguishing between genes and non-coding DNA 236 The Whys and Wherefores of Non-coding DNA 238 It performs a function 238 It serves no function but isn t harmful 239 It s parasitic!239 Coding DNA: Changing the Number of Genes an Organism Has 240 Getting genes from other lines: Lateral gene transfer 240 Shuffling exons: Alternative gene splicing 241 Duplicating genes: A gene is born 242 The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution243 Telling Time with Genes: The Molecular Clock 244 When you can t 244 When you can 244

The Origin of Homo Sapiens: Where We Came From251 Phylogenetic evidence: Hangin round on the Tree of Life 252 Carved in stone: The fossils254 Reconstructing the history of hominid evolution257 Out of Africa: Hominid migration patterns 261 Evolution within Homo Sapiens 265 Natural selection: Still acting on humans265 Relaxation of selection 267 Cultural evolution267

Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance in a Nutshell 270 Splitting microbial hairs: Defining antibiotics 270 A brief history of antibiotic resistance271 Becoming Resistant to Antibiotics: A How-to Guide 272 Evolution via mutation 273 Evolution via gene transfer 274 Resistance at the cellular and biochemical levels 275 Evolving a bit at a time: Partial resistance276 The Battle against Antibiotic Resistance 277 New and improved! Making new drugs277 Turning back the clock to bacterial sensitivity 278 Changing the way antibiotics are used281

What Viruses Are284 Are viruses alive We say Yes! 284 Viral reproduction: DNA, RNA, or retro 286 What Is HIV 286 Sneaking around in your chromosome287 Attacking T cells 287 Mutating like crazy288 The History of the HIV Epidemic 288 Where it came from289 A timeline290 The Path and Evolution of HIV in the Patient291 Increasing and growing more divergent 292 Reaching a plateau 293 Destroying T-cells in a different way293

Other Interesting Facts about HIV 294 Some people may be resistant294 HIV evolves in a new host 294 HIV has a high recombination rate 295 Using Evolution to Fight HIV295

The Flu and Your Immune System 298 Act 1: The virus attacks and spreads298 Act 2: The body fights back 298 Act 3: Building up the guard299 Which leads to a sequel: The return of the flu 299 The Three Types of Influenza: A, B, C299 The Evolution of Influenza A300 Mechanisms of evolution: Mutation, recombination, or reassortment 300 Genes to know 301 Who gets the flu and from where 302 Learning from the Past: Flu Pandemics305 Pandemics of 1889 and 1900 306 The Spanish flu (1918) 306 The Asian flu (1957) 306 The Hong Kong flu (1968)307 The Russian flu (1977) 307 Fighting Back: The Art and Science of Making Flu Vaccines308 Dead vaccines 308 Live vaccines309 Predicting the future to make next year s vaccine311 Making a more universal influenza A vaccine313

Dinosaurs 317 Archaeopteryx319 Wrangle Island Mammoths 320 Pterosaurs (Pterodactyls)320 Trilobites 321 Tiktaalik Rosea 322 Hallucigenia and the Burgess Shale 323 Stromatolites 324 Microfossils325 Amber 326

Different Kinds of Teeth 327 Sight: The Evolution of the Eye 328 Cave Blindness 329 Back to the Sea 330 And Back to the Land Again331 Photosynthesis332 Deep-Sea Thermal-Vent Organisms332 Endosymbiosis 333 Vertebrate Flight333 Trap-jaw Ants334

It s Only a Theory335 It Violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics336 It s Been Proved Wrong (by Scientists!) 336 It s Completely Random 337 It Can t Result in Big Changes338 No Missing Link Means No Proof 338 It Can t Account for Everything: Enter the Intelligent Designer339 It Can t Create Complex Structures 340 It Should Be Taught with ID in Science Class 341 It s a Fringe Topic 342 It s at Odds with Biblical Creation 343