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How long would it take a million monkeys hammering away on a million typewriters to produce Moby-Dick Who knows (How long did it take one monkey hammering away on one typewriter to come up with the premise for Who Wants to Marry a Millionaire ) The point That a complex work whether it s a Shakespearean sonnet or a book about evolution can t possibly be the result of random processes The problem is that people who make this argument are confusing the fact that some of the evolutionary process of natural selection involves random events with the idea that the whole process is random True, the mutations produced are random (that is, not directed toward a goal), but natural selection sorts through these mutations in a nonrandom fashion, selecting for those that increase fitness A major stumbling block that prevents many religious people from accepting what science has learned about the evolutionary process is the idea that evolution is connected to a random process, the one whereby DNA sequences are passed inexactly from one generation to the next in other words, the process of mutation Yet the very process of replicating the DNA is error prone Scientists can measure the rate at which errors occur in DNA replication just as they can measure the rate of radioisotope decay, but whether an error occurs in one location or another is random The random aspect is unsettling for many people Although we know that, given the amount of time available, the process of natural selection acting on randomly produced mutations is more than sufficient to generate our own species, this viewpoint is at odds with some people s view of humanity s place in God s universe To reconcile the role of randomness with the religious beliefs that things happen for a reason or with purpose, some people suggest that nothing is truly random that perhaps God set into motion the series of events that caused exactly the particular sequence of mutations

that resulted in Homo sapiens Maybe But no way exists to scientifically measure whether God is or isn t directing these mutations So these possibilities are outside the realm of science

According to this argument, some changes (namely, the small ones, a mutated nucleotide here or there) can be the result of the evolutionary process, but others (namely, the big ones) can t be The key areas of dissention are Speciation: The argument goes like this: Although evolution can lead to changes within a lineage, it can t lead to lineages splitting or speciating Au contraire Gradual changes can lead to reproductive isolation (and the key characteristic differentiating one species from another is the inability to interbreed) The best examples for understanding speciation involve ring species, species where some but not all subpopulations can interbreed The geographically adjacent populations are different enough from each other such that reproductive isolation occurs in some but not all cases Moreover, we can select for the start of reproductive isolation in the laboratory For more on when, how, and why speciation occurs, and for a more complete explanation of ring species, go to 8 Evolution of new characteristics: Some folks insist that mutations can affect existing structures or traits but can t be responsible for new ones Except that they can As 15 explains, the process of gene duplication can result in multiple copies of a gene, and these copies can evolve along different trajectories Changes in one copy that would have been deleterious in the absence of the other copy now are not deleterious (because you ve got a spare copy) and are potentially advantageous Through this process, the number of genes present in the organism can increase and diversify in function Big changes in physical characteristics: If I m starting to sound like a broken record, it s because the same goes for big changes in body structures: Small changes can produce big results See 14 for more details on the evolution of development