The long integer data type is often identical to the regular int data type in Java

Creator QR Code in Java The long integer data type is often identical to the regular int data type

All integer types (int, short, and long) can also be signed or unsigned Signed data types can represent positive or negative numbers whereas unsigned data types can represent only positive numbers To define positive values for an integer variable, you could do this:

unsigned int variablename;

signed long variablename;

long variablename;

Table 1-1

Signed: 32,768 to 32,767 Unsigned: 0 to 65,535 Signed: 2,147,483 3,648 to 2,147,483,647 Unsigned: 0 to 4,294,967,295 Signed: 2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 Unsigned: 0 to 4,294,967,295

The exact number of bytes and range of all integer data types depends on the compiler used and the operating system, such as whether you re using a 32-bit or a 64-bit operating system With many compilers, the range of values is identical between int and long data types

Floating point values represent decimal values, such as 3158 or 94106 Just as you can limit the range of integer values a variable can hold, so can you limit the range of floating point values a variable can hold The three types of floating data types are float, double, and long double, as shown in Table 1-2

Table 1-2

Real numbers (float, double, and long double) are always signed data types (positive or negative) With many compilers, the range of values is identical between double and long double data types

In the C language, there are no Boolean data types Any nonzero value is considered to represent True, and zero represents False To mimic a Boolean data type, many C programmers define numeric values for True and False, such as

#define FALSE 0 #define TRUE 1 int flag = FALSE;

Although this is workable, such an approach forces you to create an integer variable to represent a Boolean value To avoid this problem, C++ offers a special Boolean data type (like most programming languages), such as

bool variablename;

A C++ Boolean data type can hold a value of 0 (False) or 1 (True)

The three types of operators used are mathematical, relational, and logical Mathematical operators calculate numeric results such as adding, multiplying, or dividing numbers, as shown in Table 1-3

Table 1-3

+ * / %

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Modula division (returns the remainder)

5 + 34 2039 912 39 * 1467 45/ 841 35 % 9 = 8

Relational operators compare two values and return a True or False value The six comparison operators available are shown in Table 1-4

Table 1-4

The relational operator in C/C++ is two equal sign symbols (==) whereas the relational operator in other programming languages is a single equal sign symbol (=) If you use only a single equal sign to compare two values in C/C++, your program will work but not the way it s supposed to Logical operators compare two Boolean values (True or False) and return a single True or False value, as shown in Table 1-5

Table 1-5

True && True = True True && False = False False && True = False False && False = False True || True = True True || False = True False || True = True False || False = False !True = False !False = True

Both C/C++ have a special increment (++) and a decrement (--) operator, which simply adds or subtracts 1 to a variable Typically, adding 1 to a variable looks like this:

j = 5; i = j + 1;

j = 5; i = ++j;

In the preceding example, the value of i is j + 1 or 6, and the value of j is also 6 If you place the increment operator after the variable, such as

j = 5; i = j++;

Now the value of i is 5, but the value of j is 6 The decrement operator works the same way except that it subtracts 1 from a variable, such as

j = 5; i = --j;

In the preceding example, the value of i is j - 1 or 4, and the value of j is also 4 If you place the decrement operator after the variable, such as

j = 5; i = j--;