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The speed at which a gear rotates (in relation to the driving gear connected to it) is dependent on the number of teeth In Figure 12-9, Gear 1 has six teeth while Gear 2 interacts with eight teeth This relation of teeth can be expressed as a ratio of 6:8, which can be further reduced to 3:4 That means that Gear 1 has to rotate four times in order for Gear 2 to make three revolutions Or, expressed another way, for each rotation made by Gear 1, Gear 2 will make 3 4 of a revolution

Ration = 3/4

When gear shafts aren t parallel to one another, special gears called bevel gears can be used to connect gears that have shafts at different angles This concept can be easily confused The principles of gear rotation remain the same Figure 12-10 shows an example of a bevel gear designed to connect shafts having a 90-degree angle to the other

Pulleys have another use, in addition to magnifying force as part of a block and tackle system When arranged with a system of belts, pulleys can drive other pulleys Like gears, pulleys are used to transmit motion from one location to another However, the physical properties of pulleys are different than those of gears For example, unless the driving belt is reversed (twisted), pulleys connected in series rotate in the same direction Figure 12-11 illustrates this concept by two sets of pulleys: In the first set of pulleys, all the pulleys turn in the same direction (counterclockwise) as the driving pulley Note, however, the second set of pulleys The driving pulley and the lower pulley are rotating counterclockwise, but the righthand pulley is rotating in a clockwise direction

Driving Pulley Figure 12-11: Pulleys rotate in the same direction unless the belt is reversed Driving Pulley

While the speed of gear rotation is determined by the number of teeth, how fast a pulley rotates depends on the diameter of the pulley in relation to the diameter of the pulley which is driving it Have a look at Figure 12-12 Pulley A has a diameter of 1 inch, Pulley B has a diameter of 2 inches, and Pulley C measures 3 inches in diameter The ratio between the three pulleys is 1:2:4 For every complete revolution made by Pulley A, Pulley B makes 1 2 of a revolution Each time Pulley B makes a full revolution, Pulley C makes 1 2 of a revolution Thus, for every full revolution of Pulley A, Pulley C makes 1 4 of a revolution

The wheel-and-axle machine multiplies the effort you use When you steer a car by using a steering wheel (which is a wheel-and-axle device), a little effort exerted on the steering wheel turns the wheels of the car in the direction you desire Turning your car wheels would be a lot more complicated if you didn t have the steering wheel

In true wheel-and-axle machines, the wheel and the axle are fixed together and turn at the same time This arrangement multiplies the amount of force you can exert by a considerable amount The relationship between the radius of the wheel and the radius of the area to which force is being applied determines the mechanical advantage you receive by using this piece of equipment (Remember, the radius of a circle equals half the diameter; a straight line extending from the center of the circle to the edge is the radius of a circle) A hand drill may apply 200 pounds of force for your 10 pounds of effort (A hand drill uses a gear to convert the direction of the force) See Figure 12-13